Ōhinemutu Village

This post is about the Ngāti Whakaue village of Ōhinemutu, which is located in Rotorua, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand.

Ōhinemutu was named by the Arawa adventurer, Ihenga. Sadly, he discovered his daughter had been killed on the north-western shores of Rotorua. In her memory, he erected a large rock in the vicinity of St Faith’s Church, and named it Ōhinemutu, which means ‘The girl whose life was cut short’. Although the rock was destroyed during roadmaking of the 1880s, the name remains.

Ohinemutu (c. 1882), watercolour painting by Gertrude Flora Cooke Yarborough. Original Held by Alexander Turnbull Library (reference number E-881-f-048-2). 

In December 1864 a small expedition from Auckland led by a Lieutenant Meade, arrived at Ōhinemutu and left this description: 

The whole village is built on a thin crust of rock and soil, roofing over one cast boiler. Hot springs hiss and seethe in every direction; some spouting upwards and boiling with the greatest fury, others merely at an agreeable warmth. From every crack and crevice spurt forth jets of steam or hot air, and the open bay of the lake itself is studded far and near with boiling springs and bubbling steam-jets. So thin is the crust on which these men have built their little town and lived for generations, what in most places after merely thrusting a walking-stick into the ground beneath our feet, steam instantly followed its withdrawal.

- The Rotorua Legend, Vol 1 Number 1, pp.41-43.

Ōhinemutu became a popular tourist spot and by the 1870s shops, four hotels, a blacksmith, a police station, and court house. European residents and traders occupied land at the discretion of Ngāti Whakaue. At that time, very little land had been alienated and the village was the most populated in the Rotorua district.

The map below, which dates from the early 1880s, illustrates how the Utuhina ‘Creek’ bounds Ōhinemutu to the north. The blocks had been surveyed in preparation for the founding of a future township. Some of the block names are gardens such as Whakatōringaringa (planted by hand) and Harakekeroa (long flax). The now defunct pool Kahukura, from whence the Rugby club took its name is clearly visible. As are a number of the chiefs of the time who were claiming blocks in the Native Land Court. 

Cadastral plan ML 5181: Plan of Native Claims at Ōhinemutu (1885). Original held by Land Information New Zealand.

 

Ōhinemutu sat at the feet of Pukeroa Hill, which was a fortified pā but there formerly stood a fortified pā adjacent to the lake, called Muruika. Don Stafford related the story of Te Aratukutuku, a woman of mystical powers affiliated to Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Tūhourangi. She visited Ōhinemutu and unwittingly entered a restricted pool to bathe, she was roundly abused. In retribution, she demonstrated her supernatural powers by causing Muruika to slump into the lake.

The following map shows both block names and claimants to those blocks, all Ngāti Whakaue chiefs, and an area set aside for a church.

Cadastral plan ML 5330: Plan of Native Claims at Ōhinemutu (c. 1885).

Original held by Land Information New Zealand. 

Muruika has subsequently become a soldiers urupā (cemetery). Due to the instability of Muruika, the graves are raised tombs. The great majority of the soldiers interned here fought in World War II, as part of the 28th Māori battalion. However, at least one of the soldiers fought locally in what was called the Gilbert Mair’s Te Arawa Flying Squad of the 1870s, that was formed to capture Te Kooti Arikirangi, the prophet-guerilla fighter.

Palisade posts on the west side of Muruika Pa, Ōhinemutu (c. 1890), black and white photograph by Edward William Payton. Original held by Rotorua Museum Te Whare Taonga o Te Arawa (OP-1581)

In 1882, Rev. Ihāia Te Ahu of Ngāpuhi, arrived in Ōhinemutu from Maketū after having a long association with Rev. Thomas Chapman. He spent three years re-building the parish and a church.

In April 1914, the new St Faith’s Church was opened. It was the fruition of nearly a decade’s worth of fundraising by Rev. Frederick Bennett, his parishioners and cultural performers. It was sited perpendicular to the old Church, Te Hāhi o Te Whakapono – The Church of the Faith, that had been built in 1885. The old church continued to serve as the venue for Sunday School until blown over by a storm in 1936.

The exterior of St Faith’s is Tudor-style, like many major buildings of Rotorua but Bennett designed the interior along the lines of a whare whakairo, with room for carvings, tūrapa (tukutuku) panels, tāniko and kōwhaiwhai.  

Church of St. Faith's, Rotorua, New Zealand (2012), digital photograph by Reinhard Dietrich. 

Te Papa-i-ōuru complex is one of three marae in Ōhinemutu – the others being Paratehoata and Te Kuirau. It is considered the premier marae of Te Arawa. The meeting-house, Tamatekapua, is named to honour the captain of the Arawa Canoe and is the third to have carried the name. The present meeting-house was a centennial Project for 1940 (100 years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840). The build was slightly delayed and Tamateakpua opened in March 1943, along with Tawakeheimoa at Awahou.

The street names of Ōhinemutu represent important ancestors. For example, the northern entry to Ōhinemutu is via Ariariterangi Street, a grandson of Tūtānekai, and major progenitor of Ngāti Whakaue. At the end of this main thoroughfare, Ariariterangi connects to a street named after his son, Tūnohopū. This street runs past Paratehoata marae, whose meeting-house is also named in honour of Tūnohopū. Finally, Tūnohopu Streets runs into a street named after one of his brothers, Hurunga Street , which ends at the entrance to Te Papaiōuru Marae.

St Faiths Anglican Church of Ohinemutu

The Maori Church 

St Faith's was known as the Maori Church during the late 1880's to early 1900's.

1880-1881 Principal Arawa chiefs are making moves to set aside a piece of land at Ohinemutu to build a church, it was to be called St Faith’s.  Part of the Muruika Peninsula is decided on and locals called in Tuhoto to lift the tapu on the area which was a burial ground for earlier residents of that pa. 

“Reverend Ihaia Te Ahu (who has steadfastly labored amidst many discouragements as an ordained clergyman of the Church of England since 1860 amongst his countrymen, the loyal tribe of the Arawa) is very desirous of erecting a church at Ohinemutu where he resides. He feels the great want of a suitable building in which the people may assemble for public worship…. I would therefore very earnestly appeal to the English residents, and to the many visitor and tourists… to contribute towards building of a commodious and suitable Church, such as will be an ornament to the new township.” This article is followed by a subscription list of those who have already contributed. Daily Telegraph 1881-06-01, pg. 4.

Bishop of Waiapu laid the foundation stone on 5 June 1884.

St Faith’s is consecrated in 1885.

Reverend Ihaia Te Ahu is appointed 1^st Vicar of St Faith’s in 1882 and remains until 1889.

Rev. F.H. Spencer (son of Seymour) took up residence there in 1887 and remains until 1895.

Showing exterior view of the old St Faiths Church at Ohinemutu
Photographer James Richardson c1895-1930s
'Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-6188'

Rev. S. Ingle arrived to take the post in 1896 and Ratema Te Awekotuku is admitted as a deacon. Te Awekotuku serves there until 1902 followed by Walter Tuahangata Fraser until 1905. Frederick Augustus Bennett (born Ohinemutu 1871) is ordained as a deacon in 1896, followed by in 1897 as a priest… takes charge of St Faith’s c1905-1917 he is ordained as the 1^st Bishop of Aotearoa. 

Serves until his death in 1950 and is buried under the sanctuary of ‘his’ church.  During his time the new St Faith’s was built and the older one moved and turned to face west c.1910 it was still used as a Sunday school & church hall until Feb 1936 when it collapsed during a severe gale. The pieces of the old church were then removed from the site altogether.

Showing exterior view of the new St Faiths Church at Ohinemutu
Photographer James Richardson
'Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-6187' 

For more information see the St Faith's website or their Facebook page.

With thanks to the Don Stafford Collection, Papers Past and Auckland City Libraries for the above info and images.

Missionaries and Early Rotorua Churches

Missions 1831-1880's : Church of England

c.1831 Thomas Chapman & Archdeacon Henry Williams. [Church of England] His 1st Visit to this region.

Part of an Embroidered Wall Hanging, showing the Chapman family,
done by Rotorua Embroider's Guild for the Rotorua Library.

c.1835 Te Koutu Mission Station - destroyed by Te Waharoa 6 Aug 1836.

c.1838 Chapman returns with Mr & Mrs Morgan set up on Mokoia Island.  Mrs Morgan gives birth to the first European child in the district, sadly he died just months later on 16 October 1838 and is buried on Mokoia Is. She had another son 1 month prematurely before leaving the island in 1839.

The Morgan’s left Rotorua c.October 1840 after Mrs Morgan began suffering ill health and it was decided she would be better in Tauranga.

Chapman carries on without the Morgan’s and work gets underway for a new mission at Te Ngae.

1843 Bishop Selwyn arrives on 31^st Oct and conducted the Confirmation within the bounds of the ‘Diocese of Waiapu’ 55 Maori were confirmed.

Chapman returns to Rotorua in 1843 and Rev. Spencer .... 

1843 Rev. Seymour M. Spencer arrived at the Te Ngae Mission and resides there until 1845 leaving the area due to ongoing unrest between tribes he moves his family to Kariri at Lake Tarawera where he establishes Te Mu, and is in residence there until c.1861 He is then posted to Auckland leaving the whole Maketu-Rotorua area in the care of Ihaia Te Ahu.     Spencer returns often but Te Kooti’s attack on Te Arawa forced the abandonment of Te Mu.

The 1870's passes without a permanent priest or church existing in the area. Periodically there were visits from various Priests - Marist, Benedictine and Franciscan. 

1876 Chapman returns to visit his Mokoia Island mission, only to die overcome by heat in Hinemoa’ s Pool on 22 Dec 1876. His body was taken to Maketu to be buried with his first wife who had predeceased him in 1855. 

Bay of Plenty Times, Volume X, Issue 1084, 30 August 1881 

from Papers Past

1880-1881 Principal Arawa chiefs are making moves to set aside a piece of land at Ohinemutu to build a church, it was to be called St Faith’s.  Part of the Muruika Peninsula is decided on and locals called in Tuhoto to lift the tapu on the area which was a burial ground for earlier residents of that pa.  

Reverend Ihaia Te Ahu is appointed 1^st Vicar of St Faith’s in 1882 and remains until 1889.

St Faith’s is consecrated in 1885. The following postcard shows both the original St Faith's 1885 and the new St Faith's 1914.

Postcard : Overlooking Ohinemutu, circa 1930s. St Faith's Church is visible.
Photograph taken by Sydney Charles Smith. PAColl-5932-33 Alexander Turnbull Library.

Rev. F.H. Spencer (son of Seymour) took up residence there in 1887 and remains until 1895.

Rev. S. Ingle arrived to take the post in 1896 and Ratema Te Awekotuku is admitted as a deacon. Te Awekotuku serves there until 1902 followed by Walter Tuahangata Fraser until 1905. 

Frederick Augustus Bennett (born Ohinemutu 1871) is ordained as a deacon in 1896, followed by in 1897 as a priest… takes charge of St Faith’s c.1905-1917 he is ordained as the 1^st Bishop of Aotearoa. Serves until his death in 1950 and is buried under the sanctuary of ‘his’ church.  During his time the new St Faith’s was built and the older one moved and turned to face west c1910 it was still used as a Sunday school & church hall until Feb 1936 when it collapsed during a severe gale. The pieces of the old church were then removed from the site altogether.

Find more information here on the official St Faith's website